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  • Innovation in Information Technology
    Innovation in Information Technology


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  • Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
    Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

    The renowned Oxford Chemistry Primer series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today's students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers.The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research.The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding.Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance to current research and industry of the chemistry being described. Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance provides a user-friendly introduction to this powerful tool for characterizing paramagnetic molecules.A versatile technique, EPR is becoming increasingly used across fields as diverse as biology, materials science, chemistry, and physics.This primer provides the perfect introduction to the subject by taking the reader through from basic principles to how spectra can be interpreted in practice, with frequent examples demonstrating the diverse ways in which the technique can be applied. Online Resource Centre The Online Resource Centre to accompany Electron Paramagnetic Resonance features: For registered adopters of the text: · Figures from the book available to download For students: · Full worked solutions to the end-of-chapter exercises · Multiple-choice questions for self-directed learning

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  • Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder
    Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder

    Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder

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  • Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder
    Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder

    Precision Digital Inclinometer Electron Goniometers Magnetic Base Digital Protractor Angle Finder

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  • What is a unbound electron and a free electron pair?

    An unbound electron is an electron that is not associated with an atom or molecule, meaning it is free to move independently. A free electron pair refers to a pair of unbound electrons that are not part of a chemical bond and are free to move around. These free electrons play a crucial role in various physical and chemical processes, such as conductivity in metals and chemical reactions.

  • What is an unbound electron and a free electron pair?

    An unbound electron is an electron that is not associated with an atom or molecule, meaning it is free to move independently. A free electron pair refers to two electrons that are not involved in bonding with other atoms, allowing them to move freely within a material. Both unbound electrons and free electron pairs play important roles in various physical and chemical processes, such as conducting electricity in metals or participating in chemical reactions.

  • When does electron absorption occur and when does electron emission occur?

    Electron absorption occurs when an electron gains energy and moves to a higher energy level within an atom or molecule. This can happen when the electron absorbs a photon of light or heat energy. On the other hand, electron emission occurs when an electron loses energy and moves to a lower energy level, releasing a photon of light or heat energy in the process. This can happen when an electron is excited to a higher energy level and then returns to its original energy level.

  • What state do particles obtain through electron uptake and electron release?

    Particles obtain a charged state through electron uptake and electron release. When a particle gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged, and when it loses an electron, it becomes positively charged. This process of gaining or losing electrons is known as ionization, and it results in the formation of ions with a net positive or negative charge.

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  • Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy
    Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy

    The birth of analytical electron microscopy (AEM) is somewhat obscure.Was it the recognition of the power and the development of STEM that signaled its birth?Was AEM born with the attachment of a crystal spectrometer to an otherwise conventional TEM? Or was it born earlier with the first analysis of electron loss spectra?It's not likely that any of these developments alone would have been sufficient and there have been many others (microdiffraction, EDS, microbeam fabrication, etc.) that could equally lay claim to being critical to the establishment of true AEM.It is probably more accurate to simply ascribe the present rapid development to the obvious: a combination of ideas whose time has come.Perhaps it is difficult to trace the birth of AEM simply because it remains a point of contention to even define its true scope.For example, the topics in this book, even though very broad, are still far from a complete description of what many call AEM.When electron beams interact with a solid it is well-known that a bewildering number of possible interactions follow.Analytical electron microscopy attempts to take full qualitative and quantitative advantage of as many of these interactions as possible while still preserving the capability of high resolution imaging.Although we restrict ourselves here to electron transparent films, much of what is described applies to thick specimens as well.Not surprisingly, signals from all possible interactions cannot yet (and probably never will) be attained simultaneously under optimum conditions.

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  • Material Characterization Using Electron Holography
    Material Characterization Using Electron Holography

    Material Characterization using Electron Holography Exploration of a unique technique that offers exciting possibilities to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials Material Characterization using Electron Holography addresses how the electromagnetic field can be directly visualized and precisely interpreted based on Maxwell’s equations formulated by special relativity, leading to the understanding of electromagnetic properties of advanced materials and devices.In doing so, it delivers a unique route to imaging materials in higher resolution. The focus of the book is on in situ observation of electromagnetic fields of diverse functional materials.Furthermore, an extension of electron holographic techniques, such as direct observation of accumulation and collective motions of electrons around the charged insulators, is also explained.This approach enables the reader to develop a deeper understanding of functionalities of advanced materials. Written by two highly qualified authors with extensive first-hand experience in the field, Material Characterization using Electron Holography covers topics such as: Importance of electromagnetic fields and their visualization, Maxwell’s equations formulated by special relativity, and de Broglie waves and wave functions Outlines of general relativity and Einstein’s equations, principles of electron holography, and related techniques Simulation of holograms and visualized electromagnetic fields, electric field analysis, and in situ observation of electric fields Interaction between electrons and charged specimen surfaces and interpretation of visualization of collective motions of electrons For materials scientists, analytical chemists, structural chemists, analytical research institutes, applied physicists, physicists, semiconductor physicists, and libraries looking to be on the cutting edge of methods to analyze electromagnetic behavior of materials, Material Characterization using Electron Holography offers comprehensive coverage of the subject from authoritative and forward-thinking topical experts.

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  • Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology Third Edition
    Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology Third Edition

    This title is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education to support the full syllabus for examination from 2023. Written by renowned expert authors, our updated resources enable the learner to effectively navigate through the content of the updated Cambridge IGCSE™ Information and Communication Technology syllabuses (0417/0983). - Develop skills when working with documents, databases and presentations: detailed step-by-step guidance demonstrates precisely how to perform a full range of software skills. - Build an understanding of theory: concepts are carefully explained and consolidated with a range of different activities. - Tackle spreadsheets and website authoring with confidence: challenging ideas are fully exemplified, with plenty of opportunity to practice using embedded Tasks. - Navigate the syllabus confidently: learning content is clearly mapped to the syllabus, with introductions to each topic outlining the learning objectives. - Consolidate skills and check understanding: activities and exam-style questions are embedded throughout the book, alongside key definitions of technical terms and a Glossary.

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  • Communication and Information Technology in (Intercultural) Language Teaching
    Communication and Information Technology in (Intercultural) Language Teaching

    The topic of this book is in congruence with the current trends in foreign language education worldwide.On the one hand, it tackles the concept and implementation of intercultural language teaching; on the other, it analyses the circumstances in which information and communication technology may be utilised in the contemporary EFL classroom.Both intercultural teaching and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) have been promoted by national/international educational documents in Europe, the USA and Asia, and endorsed by international organisations, including the Council of Europe and UNESCO.This book constitutes a pioneering attempt at establishing the role of ICT in English language and culture teaching within the Polish education system.However, the research instruments used within both research modules are applicable to other education systems worldwide, while the results obtained have implications for intercultural and computer-assisted language education in international contexts.The research results presented in the book highlight to the broad EFL profession a wide range of issues relating to the use of ICT in the foreign language classroom.They also offer materials writers, software designers and EFL teachers criteria with which to evaluate the intercultural component of CALL software.

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  • What is electron migration?

    Electron migration refers to the movement of electrons within a material or between different materials. This movement can occur due to an electric field, temperature gradient, or other factors that influence the flow of electrons. Electron migration is a key process in electronic devices and can impact the performance and reliability of these devices. It is important to understand and control electron migration to ensure the proper functioning of electronic systems.

  • What is electron transfer?

    Electron transfer is the movement of electrons from one atom or molecule to another. This process can occur through various mechanisms, such as oxidation-reduction reactions or in the context of electron transport chains in biological systems. Electron transfer is essential for many important processes in nature, including energy production, chemical reactions, and the functioning of biological systems.

  • Why do free electron pairs require more space than bonding electron pairs?

    Free electron pairs require more space than bonding electron pairs because they are not involved in forming a chemical bond and are therefore more spread out. Bonding electron pairs are shared between two atoms and are held closer together, occupying less space. Free electron pairs, on the other hand, are not constrained by a bond and repel each other, causing them to spread out and require more space. This is known as the lone pair repulsion effect.

  • What is the identifying characteristic of an electron acceptor and electron donor?

    The identifying characteristic of an electron acceptor is that it has the ability to gain or accept electrons during a chemical reaction. On the other hand, the identifying characteristic of an electron donor is that it has the ability to lose or donate electrons during a chemical reaction. These two roles are essential in redox reactions, where electrons are transferred from the donor to the acceptor, resulting in the conversion of chemical energy.

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